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| Increased Requirements for Essential Fatty Acids - References |
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1 Houslay MD, Stanely KK: Mobility of the lipid and protein components of biological membranes. In: "Dynamics of Biological Membranes. Influence on Synthesis. Structure and Function." New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1982, pp 51-56.
2 Hirata F. Axelrod J: Phospholipid methylation and biological signal transmission. Science 209:1082-1090, 1980.
3 Hidalgo C. Thomas DD, Ikemoto N: Effect of the lipid environment on protein motion and enzymatic activity of the sacroplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, J Biol Chem 253:6879-6887, 1978.
4 Willis AL: Nutritional and pharmacologic factors in eicosanoid biology. Nutr Rev 39:289-301, 1981. 5 Kaliner M. Shelhmer JH, Davis PB, Smith U. Venter CJ: Autonomic nervous system abnormalities and allergy. Ann Intern Med 96:349-357, 1982.
6 Samuelsson B: Leukotrienes: Mediators of allergic reactions and inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 66[Suppl 1]:98-106, 1981.
7 Strannegard I-L, Strannegard 0: Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP on lymphocytes from atopic children. Int Arch Allergy Appi Immunol 58:167-174, 1979.
8 Bach MK: Mediators of anaphylaxis and inflammation. Ann Rev Microbiol 36:371-413, 1982.
9 Beer DJ, Osband ME. McCaffrey RP, Soter NA, Rocklin RE: Abnormal histamine induced suppressor cell function in atopic subjects. N Engl J Med 306:454-458, 1982.
10 Linna S-L, Simila S, Haro E. Herva P: Leukotrienes in skin of atopic dermatitis. Lancet 1:222-223, 1984.
11 Sampson HA, Jolie PL: Increased plasma histamine concentrations after food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 311:372-376, 1984.
12 Hansen AE: Serum lipids in eczema and other pathologic conditions. Am J Dis Child 53:933- 26. 946, 1937.
13 Hansen AE: Serum lipid changes and therapeutic effects of various oils in infantile eczema. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 31:160-161, 27, 1933.
14 Cornbleet T: Use of maize oil (unsaturated fatty acids) in the treatment of eczema. Arch Dermatol Syph 31:224-234. 1935. 28.
15 Ginsberg JE, Bernstein C: Effect of oils containing unsaturated fatty acids on patients with dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Syph 36:1033-1035, 1937.
16 Finnerud CW, Kesler RL. Weise HF: Ingestion of lard in the treatment of eczema and allied dermatoses. Arch Dermatol Syph 44:849-853, 1941.
17 Hansen AE, Knott EM. Weise HF. Shaperman E, McQuarie 1: Eczema and essential fatty acids. Am J Dis Child 73:1-18, 1947.
18 Taub SJ. Zakon SJ: Use of unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of eczema. J Am Med Assoc 105:1675, 1935.
19 Pettit JHS: Use of unsaturated fatty acids in the eczemas of childhood. Br Med J 1:79-81, 1954.
20 Bhat KS. Belavady B: Biochemical studies in phrynoderma (follicular hyperkeratosis). II Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in plasma and erythrocytes of patients suffering from phrynoderma. Am J Clin Nutr 20:386-392, 1967.
21 Brown WR, Hansen AE: Arachidonic and linoleic acid of serum in normal and eczematous human subjects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 36:113-117, 1937.
22 Holman RT: Polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles in human disease. In Bazan NG. Paoletti R, Iacono JM (eds): "New Trends in Nutrition, Lipid Research and Cardiovascular Disease." New York: Alan R. Liss. Inc., 1981, pp 25-42.
23 Manku MS, Horrobin DF. Morse N. Kyte V, Jenkins K, Wright S, Burton JL: Reduced levels of prostaglandin precursors in the blood 38 of atopic patients: Defective delta-6-desaturase function as a biochemical basis for atopy. Prostagl Leukotr Med 9:615-628, 1982.
24 Manku MS, Horrobin DF, Morse NL, Wright S, Burton JL: Essential fatty acids in the plasma phosphoiipids of patients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 110:643-648, 1984.
25 Veirdo B, Lagard M. Guichardant M, Dechavanne M, Beylot M. Sautot G. Berthezene F: Decrease of platelet activity after intake of small amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid in diabetes. Thrombos Hemostas 48:344, 1982.
26 Hwang DH, Carroll AE: Decreased formation of prostaglandins derived from arachidonic acid by dietary linoienate in rats. Am J Clin Nutr 33:590-597, 1980.
27 Marshall LA, Johnston PV: Modulation of tissue prostaglandin synthesizing capacity by increased ratios of dietary alpha-linolenic acid to linoleic acid. Lipids 17:905-913, 1982.
28 Prescott SM: The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on leukotriene B production by human neutrophils. J Biol Chem 260:1-7, 1984.
29 Alfin-Slater RB. Aftergood L: Essential fatty acids reinvestigated. Physiol Rev 48:758-791, 1968.
30 Cook HW, Clark JTR, Spence MW: Concerted stimulation and inhibition of desaturation, chain elongation and esterification of essential fatty acids by cultured neuroblastoma cells. J Biol Chem 258:836-858, 1983.
31 Prottey C: Essential fatty acids and the skin. Br J Dermatol 94:579-587, 1976.
32 Cook HW, Clark JTR. Spence MW: Inability of rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes to synthesize arachidonic acid from linoleic acid. Prostagi Leukotr Med 10:3952, 1983.
33 Neufeld EJ, Magerus PW, Sprecher H: The role of arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase in eicosanoid precursor uptake and release. J Am Oil Chem Soc 61:673-674, 1984.
34 Wright S, Burton JL: Oral evening primrose seed oil improves atopic eczema. Lancet 2:1120-1122, 1982.
35 Mietinnen TA. Naukkarinen V. Huttunen JK. Mattila S. Kumlin T: Fatty acid composition of serum lipids predicts myocardial infarction. Br Med J 285:993-996, 1982.
36 Brenner RR: Metabolism of endogenous substrates by microsomes. Drug Metab Rev 6:155-212, 1977.
37 Balint JA. Beeler DA. Treble DH, Spitzer HL. Studies in the biosynthesis of hepatic and biliary lecithins. J Lipids Res 8:486-493, 1967.
38 Crawford MA, Denton JP, Hassam AG, Lynn J. Marples P, Stevens P, Willis AL: Levels of prostaglandins and their precursors in EFA deficient rabbits-A new concept of prostaglandin biosynthesis. In: "Proceedings of the BPS." 1978, pp 363P-364P.
39 Rocklin RE, Beer DJ: Histamine and immune modulation. In: "Yearbook of Immunology 1983." Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers, Inc., pp 225-251.
40 Ballet JJ. Merler E: The separation and reactivity in vitro of a sub-population of human lymphocytes which bind histamine: The correlation of histamine reactivity with cellular maturation. Cell Immunol 24:250-269, 1976.
41 Matloff SM, Kiselis IL. Rocklin RE: Reduced production of histamine induced suppressor factor (HSF) by atopic mononuclear cells and decreased PGE2 output by HSF stimulated atopic monocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 72:359-364, 1983.
42 Palacios J, Fuller EW. Blaylock WK: Immunological capabilities of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 61:484-490, 1966.
43 McGeady SJ, Buckley RH: Depression of cell mediated immunity in atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 56:393-406, 1973, 57.
44 Hovmark A: An in vivo and in vitro study of cell mediated immunity in atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermatol 55:181-186, 1975.
45 Canonica GW, Mingari MA. Melioli G, Colombatti M. Moretta L: Imbalances of T cell sub-populations in patients with atopic diseases and effective specific immunotherapy. J Immunol 123:2669-2772, 1979.
46 Martinez JD, Santos J, Stechschulte DJ. Abdou NI: Non-specific suppressor cell function in atopic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 64:485-490. 1979.
47 Stingl G. Gazze L. Czarnecki N. Wolff K: T cell abnormalities in atopic dermatitis patients: Imbalances in cell sub-populations and impaired generation of con A-induced suppressor cells. J Invest Dermatol 76:468473, 1981.
48 Rola-Pleszczynski M. Blanchard R: Abnormal suppressor cell function in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 76:279-283, 1981.
49 Beer DJ, Osband ME, McCaffrey RP, Soter 61 NA, Rocklin RE: Abnormal histamine-induced suppressor-cell function in atopic subjects. N Engl J Med 306:454-458, 1982.
50 Sampson HA, Jolie PL: Increased plasma histamine concentrations after food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 311:372-376, 1994.
51 Bach MA. Fournier C. Bach J-F: Regulation of theta-antigen expression by agents altering cyclic AMP level and thymic factor. Ann NY Acad Sci 249:316-327, 1975.
52 Loose LD, DiLuzio NR: Effects of prostaglandin El on cellular and humoral immune response. J Reticuloendothel Soc 13:70-77, 1973.
53 Kuehl FA, Cirillo VJ. Ham EA. Humes JL: The regulatory role of the prostagiandins on the cyclic 3,5,-AMP system. Adv Biosci 9:155-171, 1974.
54 Speroff L. Glass RH, Kase NG: Hormone biosynthesis, metabolism and mechanism of actions. In: "Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility." Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1978, pp 1-26.
55 Hedqvist P: Basic mechanisms of prostaglandin action on autonomic neurotransmission. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 17:259-279, 1977.
56 Tauber Al, Kaliner M. Stechschulte J. Austen KF: Immunologic release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis from human lung. V. Effects of prostaglandins on release of histamine. I Immunol 111:27-32, 1973.
57 Marone G, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM: Control mechanisms of histamine release from human basophils in vitro. The role of phospholipase A2 and of lipoxygenase metabolites. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 66[Suppl 1]:144-148, 1981.
58 Minkes M. Stanford N, Chi MM-Y. Roth GR, Raz A, Needleman P. Majerus PW: Cyclic adenosine 3,5, monophosphate inhibits the availability of arachidonate to prostaglandin synthetase in human platelets suspensions. J Clin Invest 59:449-454, 1977.
59 Feinstein MB, Becker EL. Frazier C: Thrombon. collagen and A23187 stimulated platelet arachidonate metabolism: Differential inhibition by PGEI local. anesthetics and a sermeprotease inhibitor. Prostaglandins 14:1075-1094, 1977.
60 Chase PH. DuPont J: Abnormal levels of prostagiandins and fatty acids in blood of children with cystic fibrosis. Lancet 2:236-238, 1978.
61 Holman RT, Johnston SB: Essential fatty acid deficiencies in man. In: Perkins EG, Visek WJ (eds): "Dietary Fats and Health." Champaign, Illinois: American Oil Chemists' Society. 1983, pp 247-266.
62 Rudin DO: The major psychoses and neurosis as n3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate pellagra. Biol Psychiatr 16:837-850, 1981.
63 Mitchell EA. Lewis S. Cutter DR: Essential 68. fatty acids and maladjusted behavior in children. Prostagi Leukotr Med 12:281-287, 1983.
64 Hardtop PJ, Prottey C: Changes in transepidermal water loss and the composition of epidermal lecithin after applications of pure fatty acid triglycerides to the skin of essential fatty acid deficient rats. Br J Dermatol 95:255-264, 1976.
65 Colquhoun I, Bunday S: A lack of essential fatty acids as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children. Med Hypoth 7:673-679. 1981.
66 Ylikorkala O. Dawood MY: New concepts in dysmenorrhea. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130:883-847, 1978.
67 Pitt B, Shea MJ. Romson JL. Lucchesi BR: Prostaglandins and prostaglandin inhibitors in ischemic heart disease. Ann Intern Med 99:83-92, 1983.
68 Piesse JW: Nutrition factors in the pre-menstrual syndrome. Int Clin Nutr Rev 4:54-81, 1994.
69 Houtsmuller AJ, Hal-Ferwerda J, Zahn KJ, Henkes HE: Favorable influences of finoleic acid on the progression of diabetic micro- and macro-angiopathy. Nutr Metab 24[Suppl 1]: 105-118, 1980.
70 Iacono JM, Marshall MW, Dougherty RM. Wheeler MA: Reduction in blood pressure associated with high polyunsaturated diets that reduce blood cholesterol in man. Prevent Med 4:426-443, 1975.
71 McHugh MI, Wilkinson R, Elliot RW: Immunosuppression with polyunsaturated fatty acids in renal transplantation. Transplantation 24:263-267, 1977.
72 Renaud S, Nordoy A: "Small is beautiful": Alpha-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in man. Lancet 1: 1169, 1983.
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