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MCS aa Etiology: Not Always Visible 8 years 11 months ago #1

Mike Badolato
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The airway epithelium and its sensory innervation become altered to a proinflammatory condition

Deering-Rice 2011, Hazari 2011, Li 2011, Taylor-Clark 2010, Baulig 2009, 2003a, Calderon-Garciduenas 2008, 2000, Veronesi 2003, 2002a, 2002b, 2001, 2000, 1999a, 1999b, Agopyan 2003, Bonvallot 2001, 2000, Gerde 2001, 1997, Oortgiesen 2000, Roy 2000, Miyabara 1998,1998a, Steerenberg 1998, Meggs 1997

usually by exposure to a continuous combustion byproduct aerosol - diesel and other exhaust, woodsmoke, and tobacco smoke

OSHA 2012, Block 2009, Pakkanen 2003, Schauer 2002, 2001, 1999, US DOT FHA 2000, Society of Automotive Engineers SAE 940233 1994

- including particle agglomerates with adsorbed hydrocarbons and singlet nonagglomerated nanoparticles

(Lucchini 2012, Mohankumar 2008, Inoue 2005, Kittelson 1998, Cadle 1999, Kleeman 1999)

Fine particles expected to reach the CNS via trigeminal and olfactory nerve pathways

MCS 11, Calderon-Garciduenas 2010, Genter 2009, Matsui 2009, Elder 2006, Lewis 2005

Clean Diesel: Public Health Nightmare

OSHA: Chemicals in diesel exhaust.

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Nitrogen Dioxide

NitricOxide

Particulates

Sulfur Dioxide

Acrolein

o-Anisaldehyde

Benzene

2,3-Benzofuran

Coumarin

Formaldehyde

4-Hydroxycoumarin

m-Hydroxyacetophenone

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone

Menadione

6-Methoxytetralone

3-Methylcoumarin

3-Methyl-2cyclopentane-2-ol-one

Trimethylbenzene

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

including acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, benz[a]anthracene, benzofluoranthene.benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[ghi]perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[e]pyrene, crysene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene

Organic compounds in diesel exhaust.

SCHAUER J. ET AL. MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS FROM AIR POLLUTION SOURCES 2. C1 THROUGH C30 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM MEDIUM DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS. ENV SC TECH 33:1578-87 1999:

23 n-Alkanes

including n-butane, n-pentane, n-heptane

22 Branched Alkenes

including isopentane

9 n-Alkenes

including ethene, propene

2 Branched Alkenes

1 Diolefin: 1,3 butadiene

1 Alkyne: ethyne

19 Saturated Cycloalkanes

including cyclopentane, methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane

1 Unsaturated Cycloalkene

38 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylene, n-propylbenzene, p-ethyltoluene, m-ethyltoluene, 1,3,5,-trimethylbenzene,1,2,4,-trimethylbenzene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, C2-naphthalenes, C3-naphthalenes, C4-naphthalenes

2 Tricyclic terpenes

1 Diasterane

4 Hopanes

4 Steranes

12 Aliphatic Aldehydes

including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal

3 Olefinic Aldehydes

2 Aliphatic Ketones

including acetone, butanone

3 Aromatic Aldehydes

including benzaldehyde, acetophenone, 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde

3 Docarbonyls

11 n-Alkanoic Acids

2 Alkenedioic Acids

2 Aromatic Acids

4 Other Compounds

1 Unresolved Complex Mixture

Organic compounds in woodsmoke.

SCHAUER J. ET AL. MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS FROM AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. 3. C1-C29 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM FIREPLACE COMBUSTION OF WOOD. ENV SC TECH 35:1716-28 2001:

18 n-Alkanes

including methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, n-heptane

3 Branched Alkanes

9 n-Alkenes

including ethene, propene

5 Branched Alkenes

1 Alkyne: ethyne (acetylene)

2 Diolefins

includng 1,3-butadiene

1 Cycloalkane

1 Cycloalkene

41 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

including benzene, toluene, naphthalene, phenanthrene

9 Phenols and Substituted Phenols

including phenol, o-cresol, m-and p-cresol, dimethylphenols, o-benzenediol

11 Guaiacol and Substituted Guaiacols

3 Syringol and Substituted Syringols

7 Aliphatic Aldehydes

including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal, hexanal, heptanal

2 Aliphatic Ketones

including acetone, butanone

3 olefinic Aldehydes

including acrolein, crotonaldehyde, methacrolein

4 Aromatic Carbonyls

4 Dicarbonyls

12 n-Alkanoic Acids

2 n-Alkenoic Acids

9 Resin Acids

2 Sugars

4 PAH Ketones

5 Other Compounds

Organic compounds in gasoline exhaust.

SCHAUER J. ET AL. MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS FROM AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. 5. C1-C32 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM GASOLINE-POWERED MOTOR VEHICLES. ENV SC TECH 36:1169-80 2002:

6 Branched Alkenes

including isobutene

1 Alkyne: ethyene

10 Saturated Cycloalkanes

including methylcyclopentane

1 Unsaturated Cycloalkene

48 Aromatic Hydrocarbons

including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m- and p-xylene, p-ethyltoluene, m-ethyltoluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1 methylnaphthalene

2 Tricyclic Terpanes

3 Hopanes

2 Ethers

including MTBE, ETBE

12 Aliphatic Aldehydes

including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propanal

3 Olefinic Aldehydes

including crotonaldehyde, acrolein, methacrolein

2 Aliphatic Ketones

including acetone, butanone

1 Aromatic Aldehyde: benzaldehyde

4 Aromatic Ketones

3 Dicarbonyls

6 n-Alkanoic Acids

2 Alkanedioic Acids

2 Aromatic acids

3 Other Compounds

References

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MCS 9 Airway Origins: PM and a Defective Scrubber.

MCS 10 Credible Proof: The Study of all Studies.

MCS 11 PM: Trigeminal and Olfactory Pathways.

MCS 4 Top Studies in a Nutshell.

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